Use only parquet files for events

app/controllers/network_ranges_controller.rb

@@ -256,8 +256,8 @@ class NetworkRangesController < ApplicationController
 
   def calculate_traffic_stats(network_range)
     if network_range.persisted?
-      # Real network - use cached events_count for total requests (much more performant)
+      # Real network - check if network has events using DuckDB for performance
-      if network_range.events_count > 0
+      if network_range.has_events?
         # Use indexed network_range_id for much better performance instead of expensive CIDR operator
         # Include child network ranges to capture all traffic within this network block
         network_ids = [network_range.id] + network_range.child_ranges.pluck(:id)

app/jobs/bootstrap_parquet_export_job.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# One-time job to bootstrap Parquet export system
+# Exports all existing DuckDB data to weekly Parquet archives
+# Run this once when setting up Parquet exports for the first time
+#
+# Usage:
+#   BootstrapParquetExportJob.perform_now
+#   # or via docker:
+#   docker compose exec jobs bin/rails runner "BootstrapParquetExportJob.perform_now"
+class BootstrapParquetExportJob < ApplicationJob
+  queue_as :default
+
+  def perform
+    service = AnalyticsDuckdbService.instance
+
+    # Check if DuckDB has any data
+    event_count = service.event_count
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] DuckDB event count: #{event_count}"
+
+    if event_count == 0
+      Rails.logger.warn "[Parquet Bootstrap] No events in DuckDB. Run SyncEventsToDuckdbJob first."
+      return
+    end
+
+    # Check if Parquet files already exist
+    existing_weeks = Dir.glob(AnalyticsDuckdbService::PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH.join("*.parquet")).size
+    if existing_weeks > 0
+      Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] Found #{existing_weeks} existing week archives"
+    end
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] Starting export of all DuckDB data to Parquet..."
+
+    start_time = Time.current
+
+    # Run the bootstrap export
+    service.export_all_to_parquet
+
+    duration = Time.current - start_time
+    week_count = Dir.glob(AnalyticsDuckdbService::PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH.join("*.parquet")).size
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] Complete!"
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] - Time taken: #{duration.round(2)} seconds"
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] - Week archives: #{week_count}"
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] - Storage: #{AnalyticsDuckdbService::PARQUET_BASE_PATH}"
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Bootstrap] System is ready - jobs will maintain exports automatically"
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Rails.logger.error "[Parquet Bootstrap] Job failed: #{e.message}"
+    Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+    raise # Re-raise to mark job as failed
+  end
+end

app/jobs/consolidate_parquet_hourly_job.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Background job to consolidate completed hour into day file
+# Runs at :05 past each hour (e.g., 01:05, 02:05, etc.)
+# Merges the previous hour's data into the day file and deletes the hour file
+class ConsolidateParquetHourlyJob < ApplicationJob
+  queue_as :default
+
+  def perform
+    service = AnalyticsDuckdbService.instance
+
+    # Consolidate the previous hour (not current hour, which is still being written)
+    previous_hour = 1.hour.ago
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Consolidate] Starting hourly consolidation for #{previous_hour.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:00')}"
+
+    service.consolidate_hour_to_day(previous_hour)
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Consolidate] Hourly consolidation complete"
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Rails.logger.error "[Parquet Consolidate] Hourly job failed: #{e.message}"
+    Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+    raise # Re-raise to mark job as failed in Solid Queue
+  end
+end

app/jobs/consolidate_parquet_weekly_job.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Background job to consolidate completed week into archive
+# Runs Monday at 00:05 (start of new week)
+# Merges the previous week's day files into a week archive and deletes day files
+class ConsolidateParquetWeeklyJob < ApplicationJob
+  queue_as :default
+
+  def perform
+    service = AnalyticsDuckdbService.instance
+
+    # Consolidate the previous week (Monday to Sunday)
+    previous_week_start = 1.week.ago.beginning_of_week
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Consolidate] Starting weekly consolidation for week starting #{previous_week_start.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')}"
+
+    service.consolidate_days_to_week(previous_week_start)
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet Consolidate] Weekly consolidation complete"
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Rails.logger.error "[Parquet Consolidate] Weekly job failed: #{e.message}"
+    Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+    raise # Re-raise to mark job as failed in Solid Queue
+  end
+end

app/jobs/sync_events_to_duckdb_job.rb

@@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-# Background job to sync events from PostgreSQL to DuckDB
-# Runs every 5 minutes to keep analytics database up-to-date
-# Uses watermark tracking to only sync new events
-class SyncEventsToDuckdbJob < ApplicationJob
-  queue_as :default
-
-  # Key for storing last sync timestamp in Rails cache
-  WATERMARK_CACHE_KEY = "duckdb_last_sync_time"
-  WATERMARK_TTL = 1.week
-
-  # Overlap window to catch late-arriving events
-  SYNC_OVERLAP = 1.minute
-
-  def perform
-    service = AnalyticsDuckdbService.instance
-
-    # Determine where to start syncing
-    from_timestamp = determine_sync_start_time(service)
-
-    Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB Sync] Starting sync from #{from_timestamp}"
-
-    # Sync new events using PostgreSQL cursor + DuckDB Appender
-    # (setup_schema is called internally within sync_new_events)
-    count = service.sync_new_events(from_timestamp)
-
-    # Update watermark if we synced any events
-    if count > 0
-      update_last_sync_time
-      Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB Sync] Successfully synced #{count} events"
-    else
-      Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB Sync] No new events to sync"
-    end
-  rescue StandardError => e
-    Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB Sync] Job failed: #{e.message}"
-    Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
-    raise # Re-raise to mark job as failed in Solid Queue
-  end
-
-  private
-
-  # Determine timestamp to start syncing from
-  # Strategy:
-  # 1. First run (DuckDB empty): sync from oldest PostgreSQL event
-  # 2. Subsequent runs: sync from last watermark with overlap
-  def determine_sync_start_time(service)
-    oldest_duckdb = service.oldest_event_timestamp
-
-    if oldest_duckdb.nil?
-      # DuckDB is empty - this is the first sync
-      # Start from oldest PostgreSQL event (or reasonable cutoff)
-      oldest_pg = Event.minimum(:timestamp)
-
-      if oldest_pg.nil?
-        # No events in PostgreSQL at all
-        Rails.logger.warn "[DuckDB Sync] No events found in PostgreSQL"
-        1.day.ago # Default to recent window
-      else
-        Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB Sync] First sync - starting from oldest event: #{oldest_pg}"
-        oldest_pg
-      end
-    else
-      # DuckDB has data - sync from last watermark with overlap
-      last_sync = Rails.cache.read(WATERMARK_CACHE_KEY)
-
-      if last_sync.nil?
-        # Watermark not in cache (maybe cache expired or restarted)
-        # Fall back to newest event in DuckDB
-        newest_duckdb = service.newest_event_timestamp
-        start_time = newest_duckdb ? newest_duckdb - SYNC_OVERLAP : oldest_duckdb
-        Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB Sync] Watermark not found, using newest DuckDB event: #{start_time}"
-        start_time
-      else
-        # Normal case: use watermark with overlap to catch late arrivals
-        start_time = last_sync - SYNC_OVERLAP
-        Rails.logger.debug "[DuckDB Sync] Using watermark: #{last_sync} (with #{SYNC_OVERLAP}s overlap)"
-        start_time
-      end
-    end
-  end
-
-  # Update last sync watermark in cache
-  def update_last_sync_time
-    now = Time.current
-    Rails.cache.write(WATERMARK_CACHE_KEY, now, expires_in: WATERMARK_TTL)
-    Rails.logger.debug "[DuckDB Sync] Updated watermark to #{now}"
-  end
-end

app/models/event_ddb.rb

@@ -31,9 +31,31 @@ class EventDdb
       AnalyticsDuckdbService.instance
     end
 
+    # Helper to load parquet files into in-memory events view
+    # This allows all existing queries to work without modification
+    # Uses glob pattern to read all parquet files (excluding .temp files)
+    def with_events_from_parquet(&block)
+      service.with_connection do |conn|
+        # Create events view from all parquet files using glob pattern
+        # Pattern matches: minute/*.parquet, hours/*.parquet, days/*.parquet, weeks/*.parquet
+        # Excludes .temp files automatically (they don't match *.parquet)
+        parquet_pattern = "#{AnalyticsDuckdbService::PARQUET_BASE_PATH}/**/*.parquet"
+
+        conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+          CREATE VIEW events AS
+          SELECT * FROM read_parquet('#{parquet_pattern}')
+        SQL
+
+        yield conn
+      end
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      Rails.logger.error "[EventDdb] Error loading parquet files: #{e.message}"
+      nil
+    end
+
     # Total events since timestamp
     def count_since(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query("SELECT COUNT(*) as count FROM events WHERE timestamp >= ?", start_time)
         result.first&.first || 0
       end
@@ -44,7 +66,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Event breakdown by WAF action
     def breakdown_by_action(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time)
           SELECT waf_action, COUNT(*) as count
           FROM events
@@ -65,7 +87,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Top countries with event counts
     def top_countries(start_time, limit = 10)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, limit)
           SELECT country, COUNT(*) as count
           FROM events
@@ -86,7 +108,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Top blocked IPs
     def top_blocked_ips(start_time, limit = 10)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, limit)
           SELECT ip_address, COUNT(*) as count
           FROM events
@@ -106,7 +128,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Hourly timeline aggregation
     def hourly_timeline(start_time, end_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, end_time)
           SELECT
             DATE_TRUNC('hour', timestamp) as hour,
@@ -129,7 +151,7 @@ class EventDdb
     # Top networks by traffic volume
     # Returns array of arrays: [network_range_id, event_count, unique_ips]
     def top_networks(start_time, limit = 50)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, limit)
           SELECT
             network_range_id,
@@ -152,7 +174,7 @@ class EventDdb
     # Top companies
     # Returns array of OpenStruct objects with: company, event_count, unique_ips, network_count
     def top_companies(start_time, limit = 20)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, limit)
           SELECT
             company,
@@ -184,7 +206,7 @@ class EventDdb
     # Top ASNs
     # Returns array of OpenStruct objects with: asn, asn_org, event_count, unique_ips, network_count
     def top_asns(start_time, limit = 15)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, limit)
           SELECT
             asn,
@@ -218,7 +240,7 @@ class EventDdb
     # Network type breakdown (datacenter, VPN, proxy, standard)
     # Returns hash with network_type as key and hash of stats as value
     def network_type_breakdown(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time)
           SELECT
             CASE
@@ -255,7 +277,7 @@ class EventDdb
     # Top countries with detailed stats (event count and unique IPs)
     # Returns array of OpenStruct objects with: country, event_count, unique_ips
     def top_countries_with_stats(start_time, limit = 15)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, limit)
           SELECT
             country,
@@ -285,7 +307,7 @@ class EventDdb
     # Network type stats with formatted output matching controller expectations
     # Returns hash with type keys containing label, networks, events, unique_ips, percentage
     def network_type_stats(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         # Get total events for percentage calculation
         total_result = conn.query("SELECT COUNT(*) as total FROM events WHERE timestamp >= ?", start_time)
         total_events = total_result.first&.first || 0
@@ -328,7 +350,7 @@ class EventDdb
       network_range_ids = Array(network_range_ids)
       return nil if network_range_ids.empty?
 
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         # Build IN clause with placeholders
         placeholders = network_range_ids.map { "?" }.join(", ")
 
@@ -363,7 +385,7 @@ class EventDdb
       network_range_ids = Array(network_range_ids)
       return nil if network_range_ids.empty?
 
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         # Build IN clause with placeholders
         placeholders = network_range_ids.map { "?" }.join(", ")
 
@@ -391,7 +413,7 @@ class EventDdb
       network_range_ids = Array(network_range_ids)
       return nil if network_range_ids.empty?
 
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         # Build IN clause with placeholders
         placeholders = network_range_ids.map { "?" }.join(", ")
 
@@ -414,13 +436,36 @@ class EventDdb
       nil
     end
 
+    # Count events for network range(s)
+    # Returns integer count of all events in the network
+    def network_event_count(network_range_ids)
+      network_range_ids = Array(network_range_ids)
+      return nil if network_range_ids.empty?
+
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
+        # Build IN clause with placeholders
+        placeholders = network_range_ids.map { "?" }.join(", ")
+
+        result = conn.query(<<~SQL, *network_range_ids)
+          SELECT COUNT(*) as count
+          FROM events
+          WHERE network_range_id IN (#{placeholders})
+        SQL
+
+        result.first&.first || 0
+      end
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      Rails.logger.error "[EventDdb] Error in network_event_count: #{e.message}"
+      nil
+    end
+
     # Full user agent tally for network range(s)
     # Returns hash of user_agent => count for all agents in the network
     def network_agent_tally(network_range_ids)
       network_range_ids = Array(network_range_ids)
       return nil if network_range_ids.empty?
 
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         # Build IN clause with placeholders
         placeholders = network_range_ids.map { "?" }.join(", ")
 
@@ -445,7 +490,7 @@ class EventDdb
     # Suspicious network activity patterns
     # Detects high-volume networks, high deny rates, and distributed companies
     def suspicious_patterns(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         # High volume networks (5x average)
         avg_query = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time)
           SELECT
@@ -523,7 +568,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Bot traffic analysis - breakdown of bot vs human traffic
     def bot_traffic_breakdown(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time)
           SELECT
             is_bot,
@@ -553,7 +598,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Count human traffic (non-bot) since timestamp
     def human_traffic_count(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time)
           SELECT COUNT(*) as count
           FROM events
@@ -569,7 +614,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Count bot traffic since timestamp
     def bot_traffic_count(start_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time)
           SELECT COUNT(*) as count
           FROM events
@@ -585,7 +630,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Top bot user agents
     def top_bot_user_agents(start_time, limit = 20)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, limit)
           SELECT
             user_agent,
@@ -614,7 +659,7 @@ class EventDdb
 
     # Bot traffic timeline (hourly breakdown)
     def bot_traffic_timeline(start_time, end_time)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         result = conn.query(<<~SQL, start_time, end_time)
           SELECT
             DATE_TRUNC('hour', timestamp) as hour,
@@ -648,7 +693,63 @@ class EventDdb
     # Returns { total_count:, events:[], page:, per_page: }
     # Supports filters: ip, waf_action, country, rule_id, company, asn, network_type, network_range_id, exclude_bots
     def search(filters = {}, page: 1, per_page: 50)
-      service.with_connection do |conn|
+      # Get list of Parquet files to query
+      parquet_files = service.parquet_files_for_range(1.year.ago, Time.current)
+
+      if parquet_files.empty?
+        Rails.logger.warn "[EventDdb] No Parquet files found, falling back to DuckDB"
+        return search_duckdb(filters, page, per_page)
+      end
+
+      # Query Parquet files using in-memory DuckDB (no file locks!)
+      service.with_parquet_connection do |conn|
+        # Build WHERE clause
+        where_clause, params = build_where_clause(filters)
+
+        # Build file list for read_parquet
+        file_list = parquet_files.map { |f| "'#{f}'" }.join(", ")
+
+        # Get total count
+        count_sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM read_parquet([#{file_list}])#{where_clause}"
+        count_result = conn.query(count_sql, *params)
+        total_count = count_result.first&.first || 0
+
+        # Get paginated results
+        offset = (page - 1) * per_page
+
+        data_sql = <<~SQL
+          SELECT
+            id, timestamp, ip_address, network_range_id, country, company,
+            asn, asn_org, is_datacenter, is_vpn, is_proxy, is_bot,
+            waf_action, request_method, response_status, rule_id,
+            request_path, user_agent, tags
+          FROM read_parquet([#{file_list}])
+          #{where_clause}
+          ORDER BY timestamp DESC
+          LIMIT ? OFFSET ?
+        SQL
+
+        result = conn.query(data_sql, *params, per_page, offset)
+
+        # Convert rows to event-like objects
+        events = result.to_a.map { |row| row_to_event(row) }
+
+        {
+          total_count: total_count,
+          events: events,
+          page: page,
+          per_page: per_page
+        }
+      end
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      Rails.logger.error "[EventDdb] Error in Parquet search: #{e.message}"
+      Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Fallback to querying DuckDB directly (for backward compatibility)
+    def search_duckdb(filters = {}, page: 1, per_page: 50)
+      with_events_from_parquet do |conn|
         # Build WHERE clause
         where_clause, params = build_where_clause(filters)
 
@@ -685,7 +786,7 @@ class EventDdb
         }
       end
     rescue StandardError => e
-      Rails.logger.error "[EventDdb] Error in search: #{e.message}"
+      Rails.logger.error "[EventDdb] Error in DuckDB search: #{e.message}"
       Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
       nil
     end

app/models/network_range.rb

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ class NetworkRange < ApplicationRecord
 
   # Associations
   has_many :rules, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :events, foreign_key: :network_range_id, dependent: :nullify
   belongs_to :user, optional: true
 
   # Validations
@@ -36,8 +37,8 @@ class NetworkRange < ApplicationRecord
   scope :geolite_imported, -> { where(source: ['geolite_asn', 'geolite_country']) }
   scope :geolite_asn, -> { where(source: 'geolite_asn') }
   scope :geolite_country, -> { where(source: 'geolite_country') }
-  scope :with_events, -> { where("events_count > 0") }
+  scope :with_events, -> { joins(:events).distinct }
-  scope :most_active, -> { order(events_count: :desc) }
+  scope :most_active, -> { joins(:events).group('network_ranges.id').order('COUNT(events.id) DESC') }
 
   # Callbacks
   before_validation :set_default_source
@@ -241,7 +242,7 @@ class NetworkRange < ApplicationRecord
   def agent_tally
     Rails.cache.fetch("#{cache_key}:agent_tally", expires_in: 5.minutes) do
       # Use DuckDB for fast agent tally instead of loading all events into memory
-      if persisted? && events_count > 0
+      if persisted? && has_events?
         # Include child network ranges to capture all traffic within this network block
         network_ids = [id] + child_ranges.pluck(:id)
 
@@ -417,10 +418,16 @@ class NetworkRange < ApplicationRecord
     cidr.to_s.gsub('/', '_')
   end
 
-  # Analytics methods - events_count is now a counter cache column maintained by database triggers
+  # Check if network range has any events using DuckDB for performance
-  # This is much more performant than the previous implementation that did complex network queries
+  def has_events?
-  def events_count
+    return false unless persisted?
-    self[:events_count] || 0
+
+    # Include child network ranges to capture all traffic within this network block
+    network_ids = [id] + child_ranges.pluck(:id)
+
+    # Try DuckDB first for fast event count check
+    event_count = with_duckdb_fallback { EventDdb.network_event_count(network_ids) }
+    event_count&.positive? || events.exists?
   end
 
   def events

app/services/analytics_duckdb_service.rb

@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@
 class AnalyticsDuckdbService
   include Singleton
 
-  DUCKDB_PATH = Rails.root.join("storage", "analytics.duckdb").to_s
   BATCH_SIZE = 10_000
+  MAX_EVENTS_PER_SYNC = 50_000  # Limit events per job run to prevent OOM
 
-  # Execute block with connection, ensuring database and connection are closed afterward
+  # Execute block with DuckDB connection
+  # Always uses in-memory database (no file locks, no conflicts)
+  # Used for writing parquet files and querying parquet files
   def with_connection
-    db = DuckDB::Database.open(DUCKDB_PATH)
+    db = DuckDB::Database.open(":memory:")
     conn = db.connect
     yield conn
   ensure
@@ -44,9 +46,38 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
       )
     SQL
 
+    # Create indexes for common query patterns
+    create_indexes(conn)
+
     Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB] Schema setup complete"
   end
 
+  # Create indexes for fast querying
+  def create_indexes(conn)
+    indexes = [
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_timestamp ON events(timestamp DESC)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_network_range_id ON events(network_range_id)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_ip_address ON events(ip_address)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_waf_action ON events(waf_action)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_country ON events(country)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_company ON events(company)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_asn ON events(asn)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_rule_id ON events(rule_id)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_is_bot ON events(is_bot)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_is_datacenter ON events(is_datacenter)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_is_vpn ON events(is_vpn)",
+      "CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS idx_events_is_proxy ON events(is_proxy)"
+    ]
+
+    indexes.each do |index_sql|
+      conn.execute(index_sql)
+    end
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB] Indexes created"
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Rails.logger.warn "[DuckDB] Index creation warning: #{e.message}"
+  end
+
   # Get timestamp of oldest event in DuckDB
   # Returns nil if table is empty
   def oldest_event_timestamp
@@ -57,7 +88,7 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
     end
   rescue StandardError => e
     Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] Error getting oldest timestamp: #{e.message}"
-    nil
+    raise
   end
 
   # Get timestamp of newest event in DuckDB
@@ -70,7 +101,7 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
     end
   rescue StandardError => e
     Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] Error getting newest timestamp: #{e.message}"
-    nil
+    raise
   end
 
   # Get maximum event ID already synced to DuckDB
@@ -82,34 +113,39 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
     end
   rescue StandardError => e
     Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] Error getting max ID: #{e.message}"
-    0
+    raise
   end
 
-  # Sync new events from PostgreSQL to DuckDB
+  # Export new events from PostgreSQL directly to timestamped Parquet file
   # Uses PostgreSQL cursor for memory-efficient streaming
-  # Uses Appender API for fast bulk inserts
+  # Writes to minute/YYYYMMDDHHmmss.parquet
-  # Filters by ID to avoid duplicates
+  # @param from_timestamp [Time] Start timestamp to export from
-  def sync_new_events(from_timestamp)
+  # @param max_id [Integer] Maximum event ID already exported (to avoid duplicates)
-    total_synced = 0
+  # @return [Hash] { count: Integer, file_path: String, max_id: Integer }
+  def export_new_events_to_parquet(from_timestamp, max_id = 0)
+    ensure_parquet_directories
+
+    total_exported = 0
+    exported_max_id = max_id
+    timestamp = Time.current.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H%M%S")
+    parquet_file = PARQUET_MINUTE_PATH.join("#{timestamp}.parquet")
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Exporting events from #{from_timestamp}, max_id=#{max_id} to #{parquet_file}"
+    start_time = Time.current
 
     with_connection do |conn|
-      # Ensure table exists
+      # Create temporary table in memory
       setup_schema(conn)
 
-      # Get max ID already in DuckDB to avoid duplicates
-      max_id_result = conn.query("SELECT COALESCE(MAX(id), 0) as max_id FROM events")
-      max_id = max_id_result.first&.first || 0
-      Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB] Syncing events from #{from_timestamp}, max_id=#{max_id}"
-
-      start_time = Time.current
       appender = nil
       batch_count = 0
 
       begin
-        # Create initial appender
+        # Create appender for in-memory table
         appender = conn.appender("events")
 
-        # Use PostgreSQL cursor for memory-efficient streaming
+        # Stream from PostgreSQL cursor and append to DuckDB in-memory table
+        # Limit to MAX_EVENTS_PER_SYNC to prevent OOM on large backlogs
         Event.where("timestamp >= ? AND id > ?", from_timestamp, max_id)
              .select(
                :id,
@@ -133,8 +169,8 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
                :tags
              )
              .order(:id)
+             .limit(MAX_EVENTS_PER_SYNC)
              .each_row(block_size: BATCH_SIZE) do |event_data|
-          # Unpack event data from cursor row (Hash from each_row)
           begin
             appender.append_row(
               event_data["id"],
@@ -157,41 +193,56 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
               event_data["user_agent"],
               event_data["tags"] || []
             )
+
+            # Track maximum exported ID
+            exported_max_id = [exported_max_id, event_data["id"]].max
           rescue StandardError => e
-            Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] Error appending event #{event_data['id']}: #{e.message}"
+            Rails.logger.error "[Parquet] Error appending event #{event_data['id']}: #{e.message}"
-            Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] event_data = #{event_data.inspect}"
+            Rails.logger.error "[Parquet] event_data = #{event_data.inspect}"
             raise
           end
 
           batch_count += 1
-          total_synced += 1
+          total_exported += 1
 
           # Flush and recreate appender every BATCH_SIZE events to avoid chunk overflow
           if batch_count % BATCH_SIZE == 0
             appender.close
             appender = conn.appender("events")
-            Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB] Synced batch (total: #{total_synced} events)"
+            Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Loaded batch (total: #{total_exported} events)"
           end
         end
 
-        # Close final appender
+        # Close appender
         appender&.close
 
+        # Export in-memory table to parquet file
+        conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+          COPY (SELECT * FROM events ORDER BY timestamp DESC)
+          TO '#{parquet_file}' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION ZSTD)
+        SQL
+
         duration = Time.current - start_time
-        rate = total_synced / duration if duration > 0
+        rate = total_exported / duration if duration > 0
-        Rails.logger.info "[DuckDB] Sync complete: #{total_synced} events in #{duration.round(2)}s (~#{rate&.round(0)} events/sec)"
+
+        # Log completion and check if there are more events to export
+        if total_exported >= MAX_EVENTS_PER_SYNC
+          Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Export complete: #{total_exported} events in #{duration.round(2)}s (~#{rate&.round(0)} events/sec) - hit limit, more events may be pending"
+        else
+          Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Export complete: #{total_exported} events in #{duration.round(2)}s (~#{rate&.round(0)} events/sec)"
+        end
       rescue StandardError => e
         appender&.close rescue nil # Ensure appender is closed on error
-        Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] Error syncing events: #{e.message}"
+        Rails.logger.error "[Parquet] Error exporting events: #{e.message}"
         Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
         raise # Re-raise to be caught by outer rescue
       end
     end
 
-    total_synced
+    { count: total_exported, file_path: parquet_file.to_s, max_id: exported_max_id }
   rescue StandardError => e
-    Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] Sync failed: #{e.message}"
+    Rails.logger.error "[Parquet] Export failed: #{e.message}"
-    0
+    raise
   end
 
   # Execute analytical query on DuckDB
@@ -214,7 +265,7 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
     end
   rescue StandardError => e
     Rails.logger.error "[DuckDB] Error getting event count: #{e.message}"
-    0
+    raise
   end
 
   # Analytics query: Total events since timestamp
@@ -299,4 +350,254 @@ class AnalyticsDuckdbService
     @connection&.close
     @connection = nil
   end
+
+  # ============================================================================
+  # PARQUET EXPORT SYSTEM
+  # ============================================================================
+
+  PARQUET_BASE_PATH = Rails.root.join("storage", "parquet")
+  PARQUET_MINUTE_PATH = PARQUET_BASE_PATH.join("minute")
+  PARQUET_HOURS_PATH = PARQUET_BASE_PATH.join("hours")
+  PARQUET_DAYS_PATH = PARQUET_BASE_PATH.join("days")
+  PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH = PARQUET_BASE_PATH.join("weeks")
+  WEEK_RETENTION = ENV.fetch("PARQUET_WEEK_RETENTION", 104).to_i # Keep N weeks (default: 104 = 2 years)
+
+  # One-time export of entire DuckDB to Parquet (bootstrap)
+  # Exports all data and organizes into week files
+  # Memory-efficient: processes one week at a time with new connections
+  def export_all_to_parquet
+    ensure_parquet_directories
+
+    # Get date range first, then close connection
+    min_time, max_time = with_connection do |conn|
+      result = conn.query("SELECT MIN(timestamp) as min_time, MAX(timestamp) as max_time FROM events")
+      row = result.first
+      return unless row && row[0] && row[1]
+
+      [Time.parse(row[0].to_s), Time.parse(row[1].to_s)]
+    end
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Exporting all events from #{min_time} to #{max_time}"
+
+    # Export week by week with separate connections (more memory efficient)
+    current_week_start = min_time.beginning_of_week
+    weeks_exported = 0
+
+    while current_week_start <= max_time
+      week_end = current_week_start.end_of_week
+
+      year = current_week_start.year
+      week_num = current_week_start.strftime("%U").to_i
+      week_file = PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH.join("#{year}-#{week_num.to_s.rjust(2, '0')}.parquet")
+
+      # Skip if week file already exists
+      unless File.exist?(week_file)
+        Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Exporting week #{year}-#{week_num} (#{current_week_start} to #{week_end})"
+
+        # Use separate connection per week to limit memory usage
+        with_connection do |conn|
+          # COPY directly without ORDER BY to save memory
+          # Parquet files can be sorted during queries if needed
+          conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+            COPY (
+              SELECT * FROM events
+              WHERE timestamp >= '#{current_week_start.iso8601}'
+                AND timestamp < '#{week_end.iso8601}'
+            ) TO '#{week_file}' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION ZSTD, ROW_GROUP_SIZE 100000)
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        weeks_exported += 1
+
+        # Force garbage collection after each week to free memory
+        GC.start
+      end
+
+      current_week_start += 1.week
+    end
+
+    Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Bootstrap complete: exported #{weeks_exported} weeks"
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Rails.logger.error "[Parquet] Error in bootstrap export: #{e.message}"
+    Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+    raise
+  end
+
+
+  # Consolidate completed hour's minute files into hour file
+  # @param time [Time] The hour to consolidate
+  def consolidate_hour_to_day(time)
+    ensure_parquet_directories
+
+    hour = time.utc.hour
+    day_of_year = time.utc.yday
+    hour_file = PARQUET_HOURS_PATH.join("#{hour.to_s.rjust(2, '0')}.parquet")
+    hour_temp_file = PARQUET_HOURS_PATH.join("#{hour.to_s.rjust(2, '0')}.parquet.temp")
+    day_file = PARQUET_DAYS_PATH.join("#{day_of_year.to_s.rjust(3, '0')}.parquet")
+    day_temp_file = PARQUET_DAYS_PATH.join("#{day_of_year.to_s.rjust(3, '0')}.parquet.temp")
+
+    # Find all minute files from previous hour
+    hour_prefix = time.utc.strftime("%Y%m%d%H")
+    minute_files = Dir.glob(PARQUET_MINUTE_PATH.join("#{hour_prefix}*.parquet"))
+
+    if minute_files.empty?
+      Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] No minute files found for hour #{hour_prefix}"
+      return
+    end
+
+    with_connection do |conn|
+      Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Consolidating #{minute_files.size} minute files from hour #{hour} into day #{day_of_year}"
+
+      # Merge minute files into hour file using .temp
+      file_list = minute_files.map { |f| "'#{f}'" }.join(", ")
+      conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+        COPY (
+          SELECT * FROM read_parquet([#{file_list}])
+          ORDER BY timestamp DESC
+        ) TO '#{hour_temp_file}' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION ZSTD)
+      SQL
+
+      # Atomic rename
+      FileUtils.mv(hour_temp_file, hour_file, force: true)
+
+      # Now merge hour file into day file
+      if File.exist?(day_file)
+        # Merge hour data into existing day file
+        conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+          COPY (
+            SELECT * FROM read_parquet(['#{day_file}', '#{hour_file}'])
+            ORDER BY timestamp DESC
+          ) TO '#{day_temp_file}' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION ZSTD)
+        SQL
+
+        # Replace old day file with merged file
+        FileUtils.mv(day_temp_file, day_file, force: true)
+
+        # Delete hour file after merging into day
+        File.delete(hour_file)
+      else
+        # First hour of the day - just rename hour file to day file
+        FileUtils.mv(hour_file, day_file)
+      end
+
+      # Delete the minute files after successful consolidation
+      minute_files.each { |f| File.delete(f) }
+      Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Consolidated #{minute_files.size} minute files into #{day_file}, deleted source files"
+    end
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Rails.logger.error "[Parquet] Error consolidating hour: #{e.message}"
+    Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+    raise
+  end
+
+  # Consolidate completed week into archive
+  # @param week_start [Time] The start of the week to consolidate
+  def consolidate_days_to_week(week_start)
+    ensure_parquet_directories
+
+    year = week_start.year
+    week_num = week_start.strftime("%U").to_i # Week number (00-53)
+    week_file = PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH.join("#{year}-#{week_num.to_s.rjust(2, '0')}.parquet")
+    week_temp_file = PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH.join("#{year}-#{week_num.to_s.rjust(2, '0')}.parquet.temp")
+
+    # Collect day files for this week (7 days)
+    day_files = (0..6).map do |offset|
+      day = week_start + offset.days
+      day_of_year = day.yday
+      PARQUET_DAYS_PATH.join("#{day_of_year.to_s.rjust(3, '0')}.parquet")
+    end.select { |f| File.exist?(f) }
+
+    return if day_files.empty?
+
+    with_connection do |conn|
+      Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Consolidating #{day_files.size} days into week #{year}-#{week_num}"
+
+      # Merge all day files into week archive using .temp
+      file_list = day_files.map { |f| "'#{f}'" }.join(", ")
+
+      conn.execute(<<~SQL)
+        COPY (
+          SELECT * FROM read_parquet([#{file_list}])
+          ORDER BY timestamp DESC
+        ) TO '#{week_temp_file}' (FORMAT PARQUET, COMPRESSION ZSTD)
+      SQL
+
+      # Atomic rename
+      FileUtils.mv(week_temp_file, week_file, force: true)
+
+      # Delete day files after successful consolidation
+      day_files.each { |f| File.delete(f) }
+
+      Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Consolidated week #{year}-#{week_num}, deleted #{day_files.size} day files"
+    end
+
+    # Cleanup old weeks
+    cleanup_old_weeks
+  rescue StandardError => e
+    Rails.logger.error "[Parquet] Error consolidating week: #{e.message}"
+    Rails.logger.error e.backtrace.join("\n")
+    raise
+  end
+
+  # Build list of Parquet files to query for a given time range
+  # @param start_time [Time] Start of query range
+  # @param end_time [Time] End of query range (defaults to now)
+  # @return [Array<String>] List of Parquet file paths
+  def parquet_files_for_range(start_time, end_time = Time.current)
+    files = []
+
+    # Add minute files (most recent, not yet consolidated)
+    minute_files = Dir.glob(PARQUET_MINUTE_PATH.join("*.parquet"))
+    files.concat(minute_files)
+
+    # Add hour files (consolidated but not yet in day files)
+    hour_files = Dir.glob(PARQUET_HOURS_PATH.join("*.parquet"))
+    files.concat(hour_files)
+
+    # Add relevant day files
+    day_files = Dir.glob(PARQUET_DAYS_PATH.join("*.parquet"))
+    files.concat(day_files)
+
+    # Add relevant week files based on time range
+    # For simplicity, include all weeks (DuckDB will filter)
+    week_files = Dir.glob(PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH.join("*.parquet"))
+    files.concat(week_files)
+
+    files.sort
+  end
+
+  # Query Parquet files using in-memory DuckDB (no file locks)
+  # @param block [Block] Block that receives DuckDB connection
+  def with_parquet_connection(&block)
+    # Open in-memory DuckDB database (no file locks)
+    db = DuckDB::Database.open(":memory:")
+    conn = db.connect
+
+    yield conn
+  ensure
+    conn&.close
+    db&.close
+  end
+
+  # Cleanup old week archives beyond retention period
+  def cleanup_old_weeks
+    week_files = Dir.glob(PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH.join("*.parquet")).sort.reverse
+
+    if week_files.size > WEEK_RETENTION
+      files_to_delete = week_files[WEEK_RETENTION..-1]
+      files_to_delete.each do |file|
+        File.delete(file)
+        Rails.logger.info "[Parquet] Deleted old week archive: #{file}"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # Ensure Parquet directory structure exists
+  def ensure_parquet_directories
+    [PARQUET_MINUTE_PATH, PARQUET_HOURS_PATH, PARQUET_DAYS_PATH, PARQUET_WEEKS_PATH].each do |path|
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(path) unless Dir.exist?(path)
+    end
+  end
 end

config/recurring.yml

@@ -30,8 +30,20 @@ cleanup_old_events:
   queue: background
   schedule: every hour
 
-# Sync events from PostgreSQL to DuckDB for fast analytics
+# Export events from PostgreSQL to Parquet files for fast analytics
-sync_events_to_duckdb:
+export_events_to_parquet:
-  class: SyncEventsToDuckdbJob
+  class: ExportEventsToParquetJob
   queue: default
   schedule: every 1 minutes
+
+# Consolidate completed hours into day files
+consolidate_parquet_hourly:
+  class: ConsolidateParquetHourlyJob
+  queue: default
+  schedule: "5 * * * *"  # At 5 minutes past every hour
+
+# Consolidate completed week into archive (Monday 00:05)
+consolidate_parquet_weekly:
+  class: ConsolidateParquetWeeklyJob
+  queue: default
+  schedule: "5 0 * * 1"  # Monday at 00:05

db/migrate/20251202070000_remove_postgres_events_count_from_network_ranges.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class RemovePostgresEventsCountFromNetworkRanges < ActiveRecord::Migration[8.1]
+  def up
+    # Drop triggers first
+    execute <<-SQL
+      DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS update_network_ranges_events_count_after_insert ON events;
+      DROP TRIGGER IF EXISTS update_network_ranges_events_count_after_delete ON events;
+      DROP FUNCTION IF EXISTS update_network_range_events_count();
+    SQL
+
+    # Remove index and column
+    remove_index :network_ranges, :events_count
+    remove_column :network_ranges, :events_count
+  end
+
+  def down
+    # Add column back (for rollback)
+    add_column :network_ranges, :events_count, :integer, null: false, default: 0
+    add_index :network_ranges, :events_count
+
+    # Recreate trigger function
+    execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION update_network_range_events_count()
+      RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
+      BEGIN
+        -- Update all network ranges that contain IP address
+        UPDATE network_ranges
+        SET events_count = events_count +
+          CASE
+            WHEN TG_OP = 'INSERT' THEN 1
+            WHEN TG_OP = 'DELETE' THEN -1
+            ELSE 0
+          END
+        WHERE network >>= NEW.ip_address::inet;
+
+        RETURN COALESCE(NEW, OLD);
+      END;
+      $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
+    SQL
+
+    # Recreate triggers
+    execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE TRIGGER update_network_ranges_events_count_after_insert
+      AFTER INSERT ON events
+      FOR EACH ROW
+      EXECUTE FUNCTION update_network_range_events_count();
+    SQL
+
+    execute <<-SQL
+      CREATE TRIGGER update_network_ranges_events_count_after_delete
+      AFTER DELETE ON events
+      FOR EACH ROW
+      EXECUTE FUNCTION update_network_range_events_count();
+    SQL
+
+    # Backfill existing counts
+    execute <<-SQL
+      UPDATE network_ranges
+      SET events_count = (
+        SELECT COUNT(*)
+        FROM events
+        WHERE events.ip_address <<= network_ranges.network
+      );
+    SQL
+  end
+end

db/schema.rb

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #
 # It's strongly recommended that you check this file into your version control system.
 
-ActiveRecord::Schema[8.1].define(version: 2025_11_20_003554) do
+ActiveRecord::Schema[8.1].define(version: 2025_12_02_070000) do
   # These are extensions that must be enabled in order to support this database
   enable_extension "pg_catalog.plpgsql"
 
@@ -128,7 +128,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema[8.1].define(version: 2025_11_20_003554) do
     t.string "country"
     t.datetime "created_at", null: false
     t.text "creation_reason"
-    t.integer "events_count", default: 0, null: false
     t.boolean "is_datacenter", default: false
     t.boolean "is_proxy", default: false
     t.boolean "is_vpn", default: false
@@ -143,7 +142,6 @@ ActiveRecord::Schema[8.1].define(version: 2025_11_20_003554) do
     t.index ["asn_org"], name: "index_network_ranges_on_asn_org"
     t.index ["company"], name: "index_network_ranges_on_company"
     t.index ["country"], name: "index_network_ranges_on_country"
-    t.index ["events_count"], name: "index_network_ranges_on_events_count"
     t.index ["is_datacenter", "is_proxy", "is_vpn"], name: "idx_network_flags"
     t.index ["is_datacenter"], name: "index_network_ranges_on_is_datacenter"
     t.index ["network"], name: "index_network_ranges_on_network", opclass: :inet_ops, using: :gist

test/models/network_range_test.rb

@@ -561,14 +561,23 @@ class NetworkRangeTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
   end
 
   # Analytics Methods
-  test "events_count returns counter cache value" do
+  test "has_events? correctly detects if network has events" do
     range = NetworkRange.create!(network: "192.168.1.0/24")
 
-    assert_equal 0, range.events_count
+    assert_equal false, range.has_events?
 
-    # Update counter cache manually for testing
+    # Create a test event in this network
-    range.update_column(:events_count, 5)
+    Event.create!(
-    assert_equal 5, range.events_count
+      request_id: "test-1",
+      ip_address: "192.168.1.100",
+      network_range: range,
+      waf_action: 1,
+      request_method: 0,
+      response_status: 200
+    )
+
+    # Should now detect events exist
+    assert_equal true, range.has_events?
   end
 
   test "events method finds events within range" do